This case study builds upon the case submitted in REF2014. Research from the Accounting and Finance division highlights the shortcomings of public accountability and the high cost, to the public purse, of PPPs and the Private Finance Initiative (PFI). The work has been used to challenge government policy and has significantly influenced the national and international public debate about the costs, affordability and value for money of PPPs. It is anticipated that the influence and reach of the research will increase during the current REF assessment period and further work will be carried out to assess the progress of this case.