TY - JOUR
T1 - A Relaxed Eddy Accumulation System for the Automated Measurement of Atmospheric Ammonia Fluxes
AU - Nemitz, E
AU - Flynn, M
AU - Williams, P I
AU - Milford, C
AU - Theobald, M R
AU - Blatter, A
AU - Gallagher, Martin
AU - Sutton, M A
PY - 2001
Y1 - 2001
N2 - A continuous relaxed eddy accumulation system ispresented for the automated measurement of surface/atmosphere exchange fluxes of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) at a single height. The new system features sampling by parallel plate denuder inlets, online chemical analysis using the conductivity cell of a commercially available NH3 analyzer and online flux calculation. The effective detection limit of the system for air concentrations is 0.2 µg m-3 and it is estimated to resolve fluxes > ± 20 ng m-2 s-1, depending on the NH3 concentration and turbulence. The performance of the system was tested in two measurement campaigns above agricultural grassland, in which it was compared with a 3-point continuous gradient system. During the first campaign, after urea application of 47 kg N ha-1 in autumn, the REA system derived fluxes which were on average twice as large as the gradient fluxes, while concentrations agreed closely (on average within 4%). Possible reasons include differences in the footprint and an over-correction of the gradient flux in stable conditions. Due to wet and cold conditions, only 0.3% of the fertilizer N was volatilized as NH3 during the first week. Results from the deployment of an improved system are presented for a summer day, 6 days after fertilization with calcium ammonium nitrate. The agreement of both concentrations (on average within 13%) and fluxes (26%) was very encouraging and similar to the agreement found between two state-of-the-art gradient systems with online analysis.
AB - A continuous relaxed eddy accumulation system ispresented for the automated measurement of surface/atmosphere exchange fluxes of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) at a single height. The new system features sampling by parallel plate denuder inlets, online chemical analysis using the conductivity cell of a commercially available NH3 analyzer and online flux calculation. The effective detection limit of the system for air concentrations is 0.2 µg m-3 and it is estimated to resolve fluxes > ± 20 ng m-2 s-1, depending on the NH3 concentration and turbulence. The performance of the system was tested in two measurement campaigns above agricultural grassland, in which it was compared with a 3-point continuous gradient system. During the first campaign, after urea application of 47 kg N ha-1 in autumn, the REA system derived fluxes which were on average twice as large as the gradient fluxes, while concentrations agreed closely (on average within 4%). Possible reasons include differences in the footprint and an over-correction of the gradient flux in stable conditions. Due to wet and cold conditions, only 0.3% of the fertilizer N was volatilized as NH3 during the first week. Results from the deployment of an improved system are presented for a summer day, 6 days after fertilization with calcium ammonium nitrate. The agreement of both concentrations (on average within 13%) and fluxes (26%) was very encouraging and similar to the agreement found between two state-of-the-art gradient systems with online analysis.
KW - Biomedical and Life Sciences
U2 - 10.1023/a:1013103122226
DO - 10.1023/a:1013103122226
M3 - Article
SN - 1567-7230
VL - 1
SP - 189
EP - 202
JO - Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus
JF - Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus
IS - 5
ER -