A Tale of Two Experiments: Institutional innovations in Women's Group Farming in India

This paper traces the factors that shaped an unusual institutional innovation—group farming by women—in two states of India, Telangana and Kerala. Based on historical material and interviews with those who initiated and implemented these experiments, it examines how group farming for women’s economic empowerment emerged as a significant programme in the 2000s, and its divergence from the previous four ‘waves’ of collective farming globally. Also, noting the substantial differences between the two states in programme implementation, such as in their governance structures, the size and social composition of groups, methods of scaling up, and forms of state support—the paper asks: what explains these differences and
what was the thinking behind them? And how did the differences impinge on group performance and the potential for replication?