Acceptability of self-sampling for cervical screening in ethnically diverse groups in Northwest England: A focus group study

Introduction: Research indicates disproportionately low cervical screening uptake by diverse ethnic groups in England. If acceptable, self-sampling might address population-specific barriers and improve screening uptake. The Alternative CErvical Screening (ACES) Diversity study aimed to explore the prospective acceptability of self-sampling (urine sampling and self-swabbing), as an alternative to current cervical screening, among women from diverse ethnic groups.

Methods: A qualitative study design was employed using focus groups. Forty-eight women from diverse ethnic groups were recruited via community partners in Northwest England and a cross-sectional survey. Eight focus groups were conducted (one online, seven in-person; four with interpreters for Mandarin, Cantonese, Polish and Urdu). Data were transcribed, translated and analysed in English using thematic framework analysis guided by the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability.

Results: Three themes were identified. ‘Cultural considerations’ explored how aspects of culture and faith influenced perceptions of self-sampling. ‘Desire for comfort and control’ reflected views of how self-sampling increases autonomy by maintaining privacy, potentially reducing both pain and tension associated with screening. ‘Confidence in testing’ illustrates beliefs about self-sampling, around ease of use, practical challenges and accuracy concerns.

Conclusions: Self-sampling for cervical screening was considered highly acceptable. If introduced, self-sampling could increase cervical screening uptake amongst women from diverse ethnic groups. Having choice in how to interact with the screening programme and continuing to raise awareness of cervical screening were considered important. Future research should explore concurrent or retrospective acceptability of urine self-sampling for cervical screening.