@inbook{283c82940e1645f19c6cd60229937815,
title = "Arctic Ice Fog: Its Microphysics and Prediction",
abstract = "Home Physics and Chemistry of the Arctic Atmosphere ChapterArctic Ice Fog: Its Microphysics and PredictionDownload book PDFDownload book EPUBArctic Ice Fog: Its Microphysics and PredictionIsmail Gultepe, Andrew J. Heymsfield & Martin Gallagher ChapterFirst Online: 30 January 2020940 Accesses1 CitationsPart of the Springer Polar Sciences book series (SPPS)AbstractIce fog consists of suspended small ice crystals with maximum sizes less than about 200 μm, having similar fall velocities as fog droplets, and that often reduces visibility to less than 1 km. Its formation is strongly dependent on high number concentrations of available heterogeneous ice nuclei (IN) at temperatures (T) > −40 ºC, homogeneous nucleation below −40 ºC, and available moisture in the air. Radiative cooling, advective cooling, and cold air subsidence, particularly over the Polar region or high elevation mountainous geographical regions, play an important role in its formation and development. Ice fog crystals form at cold T when the relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi) is ≥100%. Favorable ice nucleation conditions typically occur at T < −15 ºC and its microphysical characteristics and their evolution needs to be better understood for a physically based representation in numerical forecast models. This is likely to be of growing societal importance due to the known sensitivity of the Arctic environment to climate change. Accidents related to low visibility over the northern latitudes may increase tenfold over the Arctic regions because of increasing population and traffic. This suggests that ice fog conditions can have major impacts on aviation and ground/water-based transportation, as well as on climate change and ecosystem. These open issues, as well as challenges related to ice fog measurements and predictions, are discussed in detail, and its importance for evaluating weather and climate conditions over cold environments are emphasized.",
keywords = "ice fog, visibility, ice nucleation, ice fog prediction, cold temperature, arctic, microphysics, homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation, small ice crystals",
author = "Ismail Gultepe and Heymsfield, {Andrew J.} and Martin Gallagher",
note = "Funding Information: Funding for this work was provided by the Canadian National Search and Rescue Secretariat (SAR) under the project # SN 201221/EC S2001-T104-H029-MR029-165 and Environment Canada (EC). The authors also thank EC technicians Rob Reed, Mike Harwood, and S. Bacic for their help for instrument development, installations, and calibration of the sensors used in FRAM Ice Fog project, which took place nearby Yellow Knife International Airport, NWT, Canada. Support to NCAR for Andrew J. Heymsfield from the National Science Foundation is appreciated. This work is supported by the Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada and Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science of UOIT (Ontario Technical University), Oshawa, ON, Canada. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.",
year = "2020",
month = jan,
day = "30",
doi = "10.1007/978-3-030-33566-3_6",
language = "English",
isbn = "9783030335656",
series = "Springer Polar Sciences",
publisher = "Springer Nature",
pages = "361--414",
editor = "Alexander Kokhanovsky and Claudio Tomasi",
booktitle = "Physics and Chemistry of the Arctic Atmosphere",
address = "United States",
}