@article{bc542707bb6548f7b8af7594ec7abb11,
title = "Automated Detection of Antenna Malfunctions in Large-N Interferometers: A Case Study with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array",
abstract = " We present a framework for identifying and flagging malfunctioning antennas in large radio interferometers. We outline two distinct categories of metrics designed to detect outliers along known failure modes of large arrays: cross-correlation metrics, based on all antenna pairs, and auto-correlation metrics, based solely on individual antennas. We define and motivate the statistical framework for all metrics used, and present tailored visualizations that aid us in clearly identifying new and existing systematics. We implement these techniques using data from 105 antennas in the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) as a case study. Finally, we provide a detailed algorithm for implementing these metrics as flagging tools on real data sets. ",
keywords = "flagging, interferometry, radio cosmology, reionization, systematics",
author = "{Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA)} and Dara Storer and Dillon, {Joshua S.} and Jacobs, {Daniel C.} and Morales, {Miguel F.} and Hazelton, {Bryna J.} and Aaron Ewall-Wice and Zara Abdurashidova and Aguirre, {James E.} and Ali, {Zaki S.} and Yanga Balfour and Beardsley, {Adam P.} and Gianni Bernardi and Billings, {Tashalee S.} and Bowman, {Judd D.} and Bradley, {Richard F.} and Philip Bull and Jacob Burba and Steven Carey and Carilli, {Chris L.} and Carina Cheng and DeBoer, {David R.} and Acedo, {Eloy de Lera} and Matt Dexter and Scott Dynes and John Ely and Nicolas Fagnoni and Randall Fritz and Furlanetto, {Steven R.} and Kingsley Gale-Sides and Brian Glendenning and Deepthi Gorthi and Bradley Greig and Jasper Grobbelaar and Ziyaad Halday and Hewitt, {Jacqueline N.} and Jack Hickish and Tian Huang and Alec Josaitis and Austin Julius and MacCalvin Kariseb and Kern, {Nicholas S.} and Joshua Kerrigan and Piyanat Kittiwisit and Kohn, {Saul A.} and Matthew Kolopanis and Adam Lanman and Plante, {Paul La} and Adrian Liu and Anita Loots and Nima Razavi-Ghods",
note = "Funding Information: This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. 1636646 and 1836019 and institutional support from the HERA collaboration partners. This research is funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through grant GBMF5215 to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. HERA is hosted by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, which is a facility of the National Research Foundation, an agency of the Department of Science and Innovation. JSD gratefully acknowledges the support of the NSF AAPF award #1701536. A. Liu acknowledges support from the New Frontiers in Research Fund Exploration grant program, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Azrieli Global Scholars program, a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant and a Discovery Launch Supplement, the Sloan Research Fellowship, and the William Dawson Scholarship at McGill. D. Storer acknowledges that this material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. DGE-1762114. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. MGS and PK acknowledge support from the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) and National Research Foundation (Grant No. 84156). G.B. acknowledges support from the Ministero degli Affari Esteri della Cooperazione Internazionale - Direzione Generale per la Promozione del Sistema Paese Progetto di Grande Rilevanza ZA18GR02 and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant Number 113121) as part of the ISARP RADIOSKY2020 Joint Research Scheme. Funding Information: This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. 1636646 and 1836019 and institutional support from the HERA collaboration partners. This research is funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through grant GBMF5215 to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. HERA is hosted by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, which is a facility of the National Research Foundation, an agency of the Department of Science and Innovation. JSD gratefully acknowledges the support of the NSF AAPF award #1701536. A. Liu acknowledges support from the New Frontiers in Research Fund Exploration grant program, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Azrieli Global Scholars program, a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant and a Discovery Launch Supplement, the Sloan Research Fellowship, and the William Dawson Scholarship at McGill. D. Storer acknowledges that this material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. DGE‐1762114. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. MGS and PK acknowledge support from the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) and National Research Foundation (Grant No. 84156). G.B. acknowledges support from the Ministero degli Affari Esteri della Cooperazione Internazionale ‐ Direzione Generale per la Promozione del Sistema Paese Progetto di Grande Rilevanza ZA18GR02 and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant Number 113121) as part of the ISARP RADIOSKY2020 Joint Research Scheme. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.",
year = "2021",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1029/2021RS007376",
language = "English",
volume = "57",
journal = "Radio Science",
issn = "0048-6604",
publisher = "John Wiley & Sons Ltd",
number = "1",
}