Control Engineering Practice: A novel decentralized cooperative architecture for energy storage systems providing frequency support services

This paper introduces an innovative decentralized architecture designed specifically for the dynamic droop assignment of aggregated and cooperative Energy Storage Systems (ESS) within the context of frequency support services. The primary objective is to address the challenges associated with efficient droop curve sharing among ESS units, considering operational limits and global power/frequency curve satisfaction as coupling constraints. The overall optimization problem has been tackled using an ADMM (Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers)-based decentralized optimization algorithm resulting in a cooperative optimization strategy.