Datafication, value and power in developing countries: Big data in two Indian public service organizations

Motivation: Datafication – growing presence, use and impact of data in social processes – is spreading to all sectors in developing countries. But, to date, there are few analyses of real-world experiences of datafication in developing country organisations.

Purpose: We address this knowledge gap by analysing evidence of big data in practice in relation to three key issues: implementation, value and power.

Approach and methods: Using interview, observation and documentary sources, we analyse implementation and impact of big data systems in Indian electricity and transport public-sector organisations.

Findings: Big data systems have been much slower to implement than anticipated, and the paper exposes the nature and scale of implementation challenge facing such systems. These are already delivering value for some managers within public-service organisations but, as yet, more operational than strategic and incremental not transformative. Big data systems are facilitating a shift in power from public to private sectors, and from labour and middle management to Panopticon-type control by central managers. Big data intersects with politics especially around the imaginaries of wider stakeholders, changing their view of the financial and political issues that technology can address.

Policy implications: Policy-makers and practitioners can better understand and plan for big data in development using three frameworks presented in the paper: information value chain, decision pyramid, and big data—power model. These expose key issues of implementation, organisational value and power that must be incorporated into big data policy and projects. Benefits of datafication have been largely restricted to senior managers, private contractors, and some politicians. To spread these to other stakeholders including workers and citizens, actions must be taken to address both practical and political issues arising in the datafication of development.