Effects of inertia distribution on regional frequency heterogeneity

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Abstract

Heterogeneous inertia distribution can result in large regional frequency deviations and inter-area oscillations that exceed protection limits configured based on system-wide averaged performance. This paper examines how the spatial distribution of inertia affects frequency heterogeneity. Along with varying inertia distribution, variations in generator turbine-governor control and network topology are studied to make the results more generalisable across wide-ranging operating conditions. An investigation into the effects of different fast frequency response (FFR) schemes on frequency heterogeneity is also presented. The frequency heterogeneity is quantified by calculating cosine similarity between regional frequency trajectories. The key results are obtained using a two-area model and verified using a mixed AC/DC power system. A key finding is that the localness of regional frequency is independent of the inertia of a specific area, nor of the total system inertia. The inertia ratio, described as the ratio of the disturbance area inertia to that of the non-disturbance area, is shown to have a strong correlation with frequency heterogeneity. This correlation is shown to be very robust to changes in generator dynamics and network topology. Providing derivative FFR within the disturbance area always demonstrates benefits regarding frequency heterogeneity inhibition, whereas droop scheme typically
introduces deterioration in frequency heterogeneity.
Original languageEnglish
Article number110340
JournalElectric Power Systems Research
Volume231
Early online date1 Apr 2024
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 Jun 2024

Keywords

  • Electromechanical oscillations
  • Fast frequency response
  • Frequency containment
  • Heterogeneity
  • Inertia distribution

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