TY - JOUR
T1 - Electroceramics for High-Energy Density Capacitors
T2 - Current Status and Future Perspectives
AU - Wang, Ge
AU - Lu, Zhilun
AU - Li, Yong
AU - Li, Linhao
AU - Ji, Hongfen
AU - Feteira, Antonio
AU - Zhou, Di
AU - Wang, Dawei
AU - Zhang, Shujun
AU - Reaney, Ian M
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/L017563/1 and EP/N010493/1), Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, funded through EPSRC grants EP/R00661X/1, EP/S019367/1, EP/P02470X/1, and EP/P025285/1, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51602060 and 51402005). The authors are grateful for support provided by Functional Materials and Devices group from University of Sheffield.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.
PY - 2021/5/26
Y1 - 2021/5/26
N2 - Materials exhibiting high energy/power density are currently needed to meet the growing demand of portable electronics, electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage devices. The highest energy densities are achieved for fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors, but conventional dielectric capacitors are receiving increased attention for pulsed power applications due to their high power density and their fast charge-discharge speed. The key to high energy density in dielectric capacitors is a large maximum but small remanent (zero in the case of linear dielectrics) polarization and a high electric breakdown strength. Polymer dielectric capacitors offer high power/energy density for applications at room temperature, but above 100 °C they are unreliable and suffer from dielectric breakdown. For high-temperature applications, therefore, dielectric ceramics are the only feasible alternative. Lead-based ceramics such as La-doped lead zirconate titanate exhibit good energy storage properties, but their toxicity raises concern over their use in consumer applications, where capacitors are exclusively lead free. Lead-free compositions with superior power density are thus required. In this paper, we introduce the fundamental principles of energy storage in dielectrics. We discuss key factors to improve energy storage properties such as the control of local structure, phase assemblage, dielectric layer thickness, microstructure, conductivity, and electrical homogeneity through the choice of base systems, dopants, and alloying additions, followed by a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art. Finally, we comment on the future requirements for new materials in high power/energy density capacitor applications.
AB - Materials exhibiting high energy/power density are currently needed to meet the growing demand of portable electronics, electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage devices. The highest energy densities are achieved for fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors, but conventional dielectric capacitors are receiving increased attention for pulsed power applications due to their high power density and their fast charge-discharge speed. The key to high energy density in dielectric capacitors is a large maximum but small remanent (zero in the case of linear dielectrics) polarization and a high electric breakdown strength. Polymer dielectric capacitors offer high power/energy density for applications at room temperature, but above 100 °C they are unreliable and suffer from dielectric breakdown. For high-temperature applications, therefore, dielectric ceramics are the only feasible alternative. Lead-based ceramics such as La-doped lead zirconate titanate exhibit good energy storage properties, but their toxicity raises concern over their use in consumer applications, where capacitors are exclusively lead free. Lead-free compositions with superior power density are thus required. In this paper, we introduce the fundamental principles of energy storage in dielectrics. We discuss key factors to improve energy storage properties such as the control of local structure, phase assemblage, dielectric layer thickness, microstructure, conductivity, and electrical homogeneity through the choice of base systems, dopants, and alloying additions, followed by a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art. Finally, we comment on the future requirements for new materials in high power/energy density capacitor applications.
U2 - 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01264
DO - 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01264
M3 - Review article
C2 - 33909415
SN - 0009-2665
VL - 121
SP - 6124
EP - 6172
JO - Chemical Reviews
JF - Chemical Reviews
IS - 10
ER -