Employing a statistical framework to constrain orientation measurement inaccuracies from digital outcrop models: Insights from sandstone intrusions.

In this study, we examine the errors and uncertainties associated with orientation measurements collected from digital outcrop models using the geometrical property, collinearity. Collinearity is expressed as the characteristics of a set of points lying on a single straight line, and is beneficial because a trace far from collinear is required for obtaining accurate orientation measurements of planar geological bodies from digital outcrop models. We, thus, demonstrate this relationship, as well as assess the impact any associated errors have on orientation distribution forms using orientation measurement traces collected from sandstone intrusions with a digital outcrop model of the Panoche Giant Injection Complex acquired through light detection and ranging and photogrammetry techniques.

Our experiments highlight how in addition to sampling bias and sample size, unreliable orientation estimates can negatively affect interpretation. We show that the distribution of orientation for a network of geological structures (e.g., fractures, sandstone intrusions) in a particular region can be altered with the inclusion of erroneous measurements. From our case study, it was noted that the high proportion of unreliable orientation measurements obtained when using a digital outcrop model of the study area resulted in inconsistencies in the structural analysis that could have been attributed to other factors. Thus, without putting into consideration the reliability of the samples, a sampling issue will still be faced, regardless of using the appropriate sample size and technique.