Abstract
Summary:
Direct measurement of the carbon (C) ‘cost’ of mycorrhizas is problematic. Although estimates have been made for arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal symbioses, these are based on incomplete budgets or indirect measurements. Furthermore, the conventional model of unidirectional plant-to-fungus C flux is too simplistic. Net fungus-to-plant C transfer supports seedling establishment in c. 10% of plant species, including most orchids, and bidirectional C flows occur in ectomycorrhiza utilizing soil amino acids.
Here, the C cost of mycorrhizas to the green orchid Goodyera repens was determined by measurement of simultaneous bidirectional fluxes of 14C labelled sources using a monoxenic system with the fungus Ceratobasidium cornigerum.
Transfer of C from fungus to plant (‘up-flow’) occurs in the photosynthesizing orchid G. repens (max. 0.06 µg) whereas over five times more current assimilate (min. 0.355 µg) is simultaneously allocated in the reverse direction to the mycorrhizal fungus (‘down-flow’) after 8 d. Carbon is transferred rapidly, being detected in plant–fungal respiration within 31 h of labelling.
This study provides the most complete C budget for an orchid–mycorrhizal symbiosis, and clearly shows net plant-to-fungus C flux. The rapidity of bidirectional C flux is indicative of dynamic transfer at an interfacial apoplast as opposed to reliance on digestion of fungal pelotons.
Direct measurement of the carbon (C) ‘cost’ of mycorrhizas is problematic. Although estimates have been made for arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal symbioses, these are based on incomplete budgets or indirect measurements. Furthermore, the conventional model of unidirectional plant-to-fungus C flux is too simplistic. Net fungus-to-plant C transfer supports seedling establishment in c. 10% of plant species, including most orchids, and bidirectional C flows occur in ectomycorrhiza utilizing soil amino acids.
Here, the C cost of mycorrhizas to the green orchid Goodyera repens was determined by measurement of simultaneous bidirectional fluxes of 14C labelled sources using a monoxenic system with the fungus Ceratobasidium cornigerum.
Transfer of C from fungus to plant (‘up-flow’) occurs in the photosynthesizing orchid G. repens (max. 0.06 µg) whereas over five times more current assimilate (min. 0.355 µg) is simultaneously allocated in the reverse direction to the mycorrhizal fungus (‘down-flow’) after 8 d. Carbon is transferred rapidly, being detected in plant–fungal respiration within 31 h of labelling.
This study provides the most complete C budget for an orchid–mycorrhizal symbiosis, and clearly shows net plant-to-fungus C flux. The rapidity of bidirectional C flux is indicative of dynamic transfer at an interfacial apoplast as opposed to reliance on digestion of fungal pelotons.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 176-184 |
| Number of pages | 9 |
| Journal | New Phytologist |
| Volume | 180 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| Early online date | 2 Sept 2008 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Oct 2008 |
Keywords
- 14C
- autotrophy
- carbon budget
- myco-heterotrophy
- net carbon fluxes
- orchid
- radio-isotope