Guidelines for computational modelling of planning obligation negotiations

Urban decision-making often involves multiple stakeholders; hence, negotiations are inevitable. This article presents guidelines for simulating planning obligation negotiations using agent-based modelling, with England as a case study. These guidelines comprise: (i) an overview of the key entities, variables and processes; and (ii) a framework for the modelling process from conceptualization to adoption in practice. We developed the guidelines based on a literature review, experiences in developing a prototype model and engagement with experts in the English planning system. The guidelines can assist in developing models that offer insights into planning obligation negotiations in England and other similar planning systems.