TY - JOUR
T1 - Interactions of hydrogen atoms with boron and gallium in silicon crystals co-doped with phosphorus and acceptors
AU - Fattah, Tarek O. Abdul
AU - Markevich, Vladimir P.
AU - Gomes, Diana
AU - Coutinho, José
AU - Abrosimov, Nikolay V.
AU - Hawkins, Ian D.
AU - Halsall, Matthew P.
AU - Peaker, Anthony R.
PY - 2023/8/15
Y1 - 2023/8/15
N2 - Reports showing that hydrogen and group-III acceptors play an important role in Light- and elevated Temperature-induced Degradation (LeTID) of Si-based solar cells highlight the need for a better understanding of interactions between these two species. In this contribution, a combination of junction spectroscopy techniques and first principles modelling has been used to study hydrogen-induced changes in electrical properties of either boron or gallium Czochralski-grown silicon co-doped with phosphorus in order to produce n-type material facilitating novel techniques to assess recombination active defects. The interactions of hydrogen with acceptor atoms have been induced via annealing of these co-doped hydrogenated samples with the application of reverse bias (RBA). These treatments have resulted in a significant increase in the net shallow donor concentration in depletion regions of both materials and in the appearance of a strong electron emission signal due to a trap with an energy level at about E
c −0.18 eV in the DLTS spectra of Si:P + B material. It is argued that this trap is related to the donor level of a BH
2 complex. Calculations using density functional theory have shown that the BH
2 defect has a charge-state dependent geometry, which turns out to be crucial for the proposed non-radiative recombination mechanism. The BH
2 defect is therefore suggested to be the root cause of LeTID in boron-doped Si. In contrast, modelling results predict that GaH
2 is a defect with shallow energy levels, without the characteristic features of a recombination centre. This is corroborated by the results of electrical measurements on hydrogenated Si:P + Ga subjected to RBA. Conventional annealing treatments were subsequently used to assess the thermal stability of acceptor-H related defects. Based on the obtained results, the peculiarities of hydrogen interactions with boron and gallium acceptors are discussed.
AB - Reports showing that hydrogen and group-III acceptors play an important role in Light- and elevated Temperature-induced Degradation (LeTID) of Si-based solar cells highlight the need for a better understanding of interactions between these two species. In this contribution, a combination of junction spectroscopy techniques and first principles modelling has been used to study hydrogen-induced changes in electrical properties of either boron or gallium Czochralski-grown silicon co-doped with phosphorus in order to produce n-type material facilitating novel techniques to assess recombination active defects. The interactions of hydrogen with acceptor atoms have been induced via annealing of these co-doped hydrogenated samples with the application of reverse bias (RBA). These treatments have resulted in a significant increase in the net shallow donor concentration in depletion regions of both materials and in the appearance of a strong electron emission signal due to a trap with an energy level at about E
c −0.18 eV in the DLTS spectra of Si:P + B material. It is argued that this trap is related to the donor level of a BH
2 complex. Calculations using density functional theory have shown that the BH
2 defect has a charge-state dependent geometry, which turns out to be crucial for the proposed non-radiative recombination mechanism. The BH
2 defect is therefore suggested to be the root cause of LeTID in boron-doped Si. In contrast, modelling results predict that GaH
2 is a defect with shallow energy levels, without the characteristic features of a recombination centre. This is corroborated by the results of electrical measurements on hydrogenated Si:P + Ga subjected to RBA. Conventional annealing treatments were subsequently used to assess the thermal stability of acceptor-H related defects. Based on the obtained results, the peculiarities of hydrogen interactions with boron and gallium acceptors are discussed.
KW - Acceptor-hydrogen interaction
KW - DLTS
KW - Hydrogen
KW - LeTID
KW - Lifetime degradation
KW - Silicon solar cells
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85164287979&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/9ad2c6f3-46b6-31bb-b5ee-1f84396a2a8b/
U2 - 10.1016/j.solmat.2023.112447
DO - 10.1016/j.solmat.2023.112447
M3 - Article
SN - 0927-0248
VL - 259
JO - Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
JF - Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
M1 - 112447
ER -