TY - JOUR
T1 - Label-free distinguish proliferative and apoptotic responses of glioma cells with terahertz metamaterials
AU - Wang, Qingtong
AU - Li, Ke
AU - Chi, Huizhong
AU - Fan, Yang
AU - Li, Boyan
AU - Zhao, Rongrong
AU - Guo, Qindong
AU - Qi, Yanhua
AU - Wang, Wenhan
AU - Shi, Yanpeng
AU - Liu, Hong
AU - Song, Aimin
AU - Xue, Hao
AU - Li, Gang
AU - Zhang, Yifei
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023
PY - 2023/8/15
Y1 - 2023/8/15
N2 - Glioma exhibits various sensitivities to the same treatment due to its high invasiveness and heterogeneity, which are typically assessed by the proliferative and apoptotic cell activities. Currently, classical label methods for cell proliferation and apoptosis detection are destructive and time-consuming, and spectral and electrochemical technologies without label can hardly distinguish the proliferation and apoptosis responses. Here, a label-free approach to simultaneously detect the proliferative and apoptotic features of glioma cells with terahertz metamaterials is reported for the first time. The biosensor comprises periodic metamaterial resonators, whose frequency shifts in ∆f as the cell number and state vary. Three glioma cell lines under the most sophisticated therapies, i.e., chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are investigated. Various frequency-shift responses are observed for the live and apoptotic cells, revealing different refractive indices for them. By using standard biological assays to identify cell numbers and proliferation and apoptosis rates, the relation between ∆f and the numbers of live and apoptotic cells is fitted, which consequently reveals the relation of ∆f with respect to both proliferation and apoptosis rates unprecedentedly. This work paves a new way to study the proliferative and apoptotic responses of tumor cells, showing promising potential to guide individualized tumor treatments fast and label-free.
AB - Glioma exhibits various sensitivities to the same treatment due to its high invasiveness and heterogeneity, which are typically assessed by the proliferative and apoptotic cell activities. Currently, classical label methods for cell proliferation and apoptosis detection are destructive and time-consuming, and spectral and electrochemical technologies without label can hardly distinguish the proliferation and apoptosis responses. Here, a label-free approach to simultaneously detect the proliferative and apoptotic features of glioma cells with terahertz metamaterials is reported for the first time. The biosensor comprises periodic metamaterial resonators, whose frequency shifts in ∆f as the cell number and state vary. Three glioma cell lines under the most sophisticated therapies, i.e., chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are investigated. Various frequency-shift responses are observed for the live and apoptotic cells, revealing different refractive indices for them. By using standard biological assays to identify cell numbers and proliferation and apoptosis rates, the relation between ∆f and the numbers of live and apoptotic cells is fitted, which consequently reveals the relation of ∆f with respect to both proliferation and apoptosis rates unprecedentedly. This work paves a new way to study the proliferative and apoptotic responses of tumor cells, showing promising potential to guide individualized tumor treatments fast and label-free.
KW - Apoptosis rate
KW - Glioma cell
KW - Label-free
KW - Proliferation rate
KW - Terahertz metamaterials
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85154024513&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.snb.2023.133887
DO - 10.1016/j.snb.2023.133887
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85154024513
SN - 0925-4005
VL - 389
JO - Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
JF - Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
M1 - 133887
ER -