Majors et labels indépendants. France, Grande-Bretagne, 1960-2000

This article examines the contradictions at the heart of the notion of "independence" in record production labels since the 1960s. Its main objective is to challenge the traditional and simplistic polarisation between small and medium-sized labels ("independent" or "indie" labels), and the multinational conglomerates ("majors"). Since the 1960s, the increased concentration between majors has led to further competition between large groups, with diverse consequences for independent producers. The latter were simultaneously made weaker by the control of distribution networks by majors, and kept alive as flexible and original companies developing niche markets. The relationships between majors and independents are in fact characterized by a series of interdependences rather than bi-polar antagonism. Nevertheless, during the 1970s, a few producers became influenced by a post-Marxist and anti-capitalist ideology and gave rise to a group of independent labels aiming to achieve "real" independence, or autonomy, from the stronghold of the majors. Their efforts were made possible, paradoxically, by the continued economic growth of the record industry. The conflicts and contradictions present at the core of these independent labels are studied through the case-studies of Rough Trade (Britain) and Bondage Records (France). © Presses de Sciences Po.