Malocclusion and temporomandibular disorder: A comparison of adolescents with moderate to severe dysfunction with those without signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and their further development to 30 years of age

A total of 1018 subjects were examined at the age of 11 years, 791 were reexamined at 15 years, 456 at 19 years, and 337 at 30 years. Anamnestic and clinical recordings of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) were made. Morphology, including calculation of peer assessment rating (PAR) scores, was recorded. Previous history of orthodontic treatment was assessed. Muscular endurance was recorded. The subjects completed four psychological measures. The malocclusion prevalence, occlusal contacts, psychological factors, and muscular endurance in subjects with no recorded signs and symptoms of TMD were compared with those with the most severe dysfunction at 19 years of age. The further development of TMD to 30 years of age was followed. PAR scores were significantly higher in the subjects with the most severe dysfunction. Apart from crowding of teeth, no other significant differences were found between the groups with regard to separate malocclusions, tooth contact pattern, orthodontic treatment, or extractions. A greater proportion of subjects with low endurance were found in those with TMD. Significant associations between TMD and general health and psychological well-being as well as the personality dimension of neuroticism and self-esteem were found. During the period from 19 to 30 years, the prevalence of muscular signs and symptoms showed considerable reduction, whereas clicking showed a slight increase. Locking of the joint showed a decrease from 19 to 30 years. One-quarter of the TMD subjects showed complete recovery. Thus, orthodontic treatment seems to be neither a major preventive nor a significant cause of TMD.