Monads in double categories

We extend the basic concepts of Street’s formal theory of monads from the setting of 2-categories to that of double categories. In particular, we introduce the double category Mnd (C) of monads in a double category C and define what it means for a double category to admit the construction of free monads. Our main theorem shows that, under some mild conditions, a double category that is a framed bicategory admits the construction of free monads if its horizontal 2-category does. We apply this result to obtain double adjunctions which extend the adjunction between graphs and categories and the adjunction between polynomial endofunctors and polynomial monads.