Numerical modelling integrated with field observations and analytical data of the 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruption improves understanding of eruption dynamics at mafic volcanoes

Abrupt transitions in eruptive style are common at mafic volcanoes, possibly leading to styles that potentially damage infrastructures and threaten the surrounding communities. During the 19th September - 13th December 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruption (La Palma, Canary Islands), rapid changes in eruptive style were observed, from vigorous lava fountaining to sporadic intense ash columns, alongside continuous lava effusion, providing an ideal case study for investigation of the mechanisms underlying such transitions.