Optimized Voltage-Led Customer Load Active Service Using Genetic Algorithm in Distribution Networks

To mitigate the low frequency problem in a transmission system in an event of a power
station failure or during low renewable generation production, UK National Grid (NG) Electricity System
Operator has balancing mechanism in place with generators to provide temporary extra power, or with
large energy users to reduce load demand or so call fast reserve services. This paper presents an alternative
method to aggregately control the existing distribution network primary on load transformer tap changers
as a voltage-led customer load active service. The main benefits of the proposed method are (i) to unlock
the distribution network load demand flexibility without causing any negative impact on customers, and
(ii) to provide the lowest cost of fast reserve service from a distribution network to transmission network.
In this paper an optimal control strategy based on genetic algorithm is proposed and developed to achieve
an optimized voltage-led customer load active service with the aim of finding the optimal dispatch of on
load transformer tap changers by minimizing each transformer tap switching operation as well as network
losses. Two practical 102 buses and 222 buses UK distribution networks have been modelled and used
to demonstrate and compare the effectiveness of the proposed control methods under different operating
conditions. The performances of the proposed method are also compared with both the rule-based and the
branch-and-bound methods. The results show that the proposed optimal control strategy based on the genetic
algorithm is more effective by achieving more accuracy and a faster solution for a large distribution network
than other two methods. These are important findings as the fast reserve service by transmission network
requires the accuracy of the load demand reduction delivery within 2 minutes.
INDEX TERMS Fast reserve, customer active load service, load dem