Oxygen-vacancy sites on TiO2(100)1×3 using surface core-level-shift photoelectron diffraction

Surface core-level-shift photoelectron diffraction has been used to determine the position of oxygen vacancies on rutile TiO2(100)1×3. Ti 3p photoelectrons associated with Ti atoms adjacent to oxygen vacancies were used as the diffraction source. The angle-scanning mode at fixed photon energy was employed to provide maximum surface sensitivity. By comparison with multiple-scattering calculations, the data indicate that vacancies are located in the topmost layer of a microfacet structure proposed on the basis of grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction data.