Predictors of breast and testicular self-examination and the role of body image

Title: Predictors of Breast and Testicular self-examination and the role of body imageAim(s): To identify significant predictors of self-examination and in particular the role of body image in relation to both Breast and Testicular self-examination.Background: Previous research suggests that both breast cancer (BC) and testicular cancer (TC) are two of the most common cancers affecting females and males respectively yet both testicular self-examination (TSE) and breast self-examination adherence rates (BSE) are low. Methods: In study 1 males (N=60) and females (N=90) were recruited on campus and completed a TSE/BSE questionnaire (incorporating the body image scale). In Study 2 semi-structured interviews were undertaken with males (N=8) and females (N=8) investigating factors preventing and initiating TSE and BSE and possible connections between body image and self-examination. Findings: In logistic regression models fear predicted past intentions to perform, perceived risk, media awareness and severity predicted current intentions and sexual attractiveness predicted future intentions to perform BSE. For males fear, severity and awareness and/or benefits predicted past intentions and fear and awareness predicted current intentions. In study 2 fear and avoidance, lack of awareness, lifestyle factors, cultural issues, past and personal experience with illness, health knowledge, control and awareness, relationship status, ritual, ignorance, present and future preoccupations and heightened awareness were factors that affected both TSE and BSE. Discussion: Improving body image in females and reducing the fear associated with self-examination may improve adherence rates in the future.