@article{2198acd951194c488654baeb810a26d4,
title = "Resolving physical interactions between bacteria and nanotopographies with focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy",
abstract = "To robustly assess the antibacterial mechanisms of nanotopographies, it is critical to analyze the bacteria-nanotopography adhesion interface. Here, we utilize focused ion beam milling combined with scanning electron microscopy to generate three-dimensional reconstructions of Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli interacting with nanotopographies. For the first time, 3D morphometric analysis has been exploited to quantify the intrinsic contact area between each nanostructure and the bacterial envelope, providing an objective framework from which to derive the possible antibacterial mechanisms of synthetic nanotopographies. Surfaces with nanostructure densities between 36 and 58 per μm2 and tip diameters between 27 and 50 nm mediated envelope deformation and penetration, while surfaces with higher nanostructure densities (137 per μm2) induced envelope penetration and mechanical rupture, leading to marked reductions in cell volume due to cytosolic leakage. On nanotopographies with densities of 8 per μm2 and tip diameters greater than 100 nm, bacteria predominantly adhered between nanostructures, resulting in cell impedance.",
keywords = "Microbiofilms, Surface treatment",
author = "Joshua Jenkins and Ishak, {Mohd I.} and Marcus Eales and Ali Gholinia and Satishkumar Kulkarni and Keller, {Thomas F.} and May, {Paul W.} and Nobbs, {Angela H.} and Bo Su",
note = "Funding Information: We acknowledge funding from the Medical Research Council (MRC) Doctoral Training Program (J.J.). B.S. and A.H.N. would like to thank the MRC for funding (MR/N010345/1 & MR/S010343/1). We thank Wolfson Bio-imaging Facility at the University of Bristol for their help with electron microscopy. We thank the Henry Royce Institute for FIB-SEM access funding. This research project has received funding from the EU H2020 framework programme for research and innovation under grant agreement n. 654360, having benefitted from the access provided by DESY NanoLab in Hamburg (Germany) within the framework of the NFFA-Europe Transnational Access Activity. J.J. wrote the manuscript and contributed to editing of the manuscript, fabricated titanium nanostructured surfaces by thermal oxidation, analyzed and interpreted FIB-SEM data. M.I.I. contributed to editing of the manuscript and analyzed and interpreted FIB-SEM data. M.E. generated titanium nanostructure surfaces using alkaline hydrothermal processing. B.S. and A.H.N. conceived the project and contributed to the editing of the manuscript. A.G. and S.K. collected FIB-SEM data and T.F.K. contributed to editing of the manuscript. P.W.M. fabricated black silicon nanostructured surfaces by plasma etching. The authors declare no competing interests. Funding Information: We acknowledge funding from the Medical Research Council (MRC) Doctoral Training Program (J.J.). B.S. and A.H.N. would like to thank the MRC for funding (MR/N010345/1 & MR/S010343/1). We thank Wolfson Bio-imaging Facility at the University of Bristol for their help with electron microscopy. We thank the Henry Royce Institute for FIB-SEM access funding. This research project has received funding from the EU H2020 framework programme for research and innovation under grant agreement n. 654360, having benefitted from the access provided by DESY NanoLab in Hamburg (Germany) within the framework of the NFFA-Europe Transnational Access Activity. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 The Authors",
year = "2021",
month = jul,
day = "23",
doi = "10.1016/j.isci.2021.102818",
language = "English",
volume = "24",
journal = "iScience",
issn = "2589-0042",
publisher = "Elsevier BV",
number = "7",
}