Robust formulation for optimizing sustainable ship routing and scheduling problem

Increasing trade globally necessitates the requirement of developing effective heuristics to resolve the challenging ship routing and scheduling problem among multiple ports. The posing restrictions related to multiple time windows within a planning horizon, varying demand and supply at different ports increases the existing complexity. Here, sustainability issues associated with carbon emission is incorporated. Owing to the inherent complexity, the formulation developed moves towards a non-linear mixed integer programming model. The aforementioned problem assuming to be NP-Hard in nature and can be solved using an intelligent search heuristics named particle swarm optimization for composite particle (PSO-CP).