Seismic modeling in the analysis of deep-water sandstone termination styles

Innovative seismic forward modeling is used to illustrate the sensitivity within seismic data, and its application in the interpretation of onlap and pinch-out of terminating deep-water sandstones, two critical components in deep-water exploration and production. Sandstone quality, net-to-gross estimates, volume calculations, vertical connectivity, and stratigraphic trapping are all dependent on the sandstone extent and their seismic characteristics in these settings. However, seismic resolution is commonly insufficient to resolve the critical reservoir parameters. Seismic modeling of termination styles based on integrated outcrop and subsurface properties allows for depth- and resolution-focused predictive models to be built for improved subsurface analysis. This technique is currently underused as a method to better understand the sensitivity of seismic data to the target lithologies and their geometries. The Gres d'Annot Formation is a well-studied sand-prone deep-water system of Paleogene age, deposited in a bathymetrically complex setting. Six end-member termination styles are discussed, including three sand-prone styles-simple onlap (O_s], draping onlap (O_d), and bed thickening (O_t)-and three heterolithic styles-advancing pinch-out (P_a), convergent pinch-out (P_c), and convergent thickening and pinch-out (P_ct). Local thickening close to the system margins is common in both sand-prone and heterolithic terminating strata and plays an important function in the appropriate distribution of sandstone. The outcrops are interpreted as potential (process) analogs for the complex sandstone distributionand termination patterns observed in plays like the Paleogene of the Gulf of Mexico and the Jurassic of the northern North Sea.