Signaling between SR and plasmalemma in smooth muscle: Sparks and the activation of Ca2+-sensitive ion channels

Intracellular calcium ions are involved in the regulation of nearly every aspect of cell function. In smooth muscle, Ca2+ can be delivered to Ca2+-sensitive effector molecules either by influx through plasma membrane ion channels or by intracellular Ca2+ release events. Ca2+ sparks are transient local increases in intracellular Ca2+ that arise from the opening of ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channels (ryanodine receptors) located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In arterial myocytes, Ca2+ sparks occur near the plasma membrane and act to deliver high (μM) local Ca2+ to plasmalemmal Ca2+-sensitive ion channels, without directly altering global cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations. The two major ion channel targets of Ca2+ sparks are Ca2+-activated chloride (ClCa) channels and large-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium (BK) channels. The activation of BK channels by Ca2+ sparks play an important role in the regulation of arterial diameter and appear to be involved in the action of a variety of vasodilators. The coupling of Ca2+ sparks to BK channels can be influenced by a number of factors including membrane potential and modulatory β subunits of BK channels. ClCa channels, while not present in all smooth muscle, can also be activated by Ca2+ sparks in some types of smooth muscle. Ca2+ sparks can also influence the activity of Ca2+-dependent transcription factors and expression of immediate early response genes such as c-fos. In summary, Ca2+ sparks are local Ca2+ signaling events that in smooth muscle can act on plasma membrane ion channels to influence excitation-contraction coupling as well as gene expression. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.