Sociodemographic characteristics and health access associated with COVID-19 infection and death: a cross-sectional study in Malang District, Indonesia

Sujarwoto Sujarwoto, Asri Maharani

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Objectives This study aims to examine sociodemographic characteristics and health access associated with COVID-19 infection and death in Malang District, Indonesia.

Design A non-random cross-sectional study.

Setting Population in 390 villages in Malang District, East Java Province, Indonesia.

Participants We used Malang District government COVID-19 contact tracing data from 14 264 individuals, spanning from 1 March 2020 to 29 July 2020.

Primary outcome measures The outcome variables in this study are COVID-19 infections and COVID-19 deaths. The associations between sociodemographic characteristics and health access of COVID-19 infection and death were analysed using multilevel logistic regression.

Results Among the 14 264 samples, 551 individuals were confirmed as being infected with COVID-19; 62 individuals died of COVID-19. Women, individuals with direct contact with confirmed COVID-19 cases and individuals with hypertension constituted the groups most vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. Among respondents with confirmed COVID-19 cases, men, individuals aged 61 years and older, individuals with hypertension, and those diagnosed with pneumonia and respiratory failure were at higher risk of death. The number of community-based healthcare interventions was significantly associated with lower COVID-19 infection and COVID-19 mortality. Greater distance to a COVID-19 referral hospital increased risk of COVID-19 mortality.

Conclusions COVID-19 infection and death were related not only to sociodemographic characteristics of individuals but also to the presence of community-based healthcare interventions and access to hospital care. Strategies in public health, including improving healthcare access, are required to reduce COVID-19 infections among the most susceptible groups in Indonesia.
Original languageEnglish
Article numbere052042
JournalBMJ Open
Volume12
Issue number5
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 24 May 2022

Keywords

  • COVID-19
  • epidemiology
  • public health
  • Hypertension
  • COVID-19/epidemiology
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Health Services Accessibility
  • Humans
  • Female
  • Indonesia/epidemiology
  • Male

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