Syndemics & Syndemogenesis in COVID-19 and Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases: Old Challenges, New Era

People with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) are facing several challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as poor access to regular health services and drug shortages, particularly in developing countries. COVID-19 represents a syndemic, synergistic condition that interacts with and exacerbates pre-existing diseases such as RMDs, other comorbidities and social conditions. The emerging evidence on both biological and non-biological factors implicated in worse outcomes in people with RMDs affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, whether infected by the virus or not, calls the need for using more novel and holistic frameworks for studying disease. In this context, the use of a syndemic framework, becomes particularly relevant. We appeal for a focus on the identification of barriers and facilitators to optimal care of RMDs in the context of COVID-19 pandemic, that would tackle both the pandemic itself and the health inequities inherent to it.