Tutorial on Impedance and Dielectric Spectroscopy for Single-Cell Characterisation on Microfluidic Platforms: Theory, Practice, and Recent Advances

Cell analysis plays an important role in disease diagnosis. However, many characterisation techniques are labour intensive, expensive and time-consuming. Impedance and dielectric spectroscopy (IDS) offers a new approach by using varying electrical current and electric field propagation responses to probe cell physiology. This review aims to explore the theoretical foundations, practical applications, and advancements in IDS for single-cell analysis, particularly when integrated with microfluidic technologies. It highlights recent developments in electrode configurations, calibration techniques, and data analysis methodologies, emphasising their importance in enhancing sensitivity and selectivity. The review identifies key trends, including the shift towards high-throughput and precise single-cell analysis, and discusses the challenges and potential solutions in this field. The implications of these findings suggest significant near-future advances in biomedical research, diagnostics, and therapeutic monitoring. This paper serves as a comprehensive reference for researchers in different fields to make a bridge between theoretical research and practical implementation in single-cell analysis.