What lies beneath: Avoiding the risk of under-evaluation

Two propositions are explored: that present R&D evaluation methods risk missing key effects; that there is a tendency to underestimate the effects of public support. Using the example of a recent impact assessment of the EUREKA initiative, the paper seeks to show the limitations of typical questionnaire approaches. As an alternative, it introduces the 'Iceberg Model' as a metaphor for hidden effects and, building on work such as the BETA method and measurement of externalities, uses high-impact case studies to illustrate the importance of strategic behavioural effects and the use of technologies developed beyond the goals of the funded project. It is concluded that questionnaires are best used to identify the small proportion of projects that account for most effects and then resources should be focused on deep probes of these projects. The role of government in affecting positive strategic decisions or firms' routines should also be explored. © Beech Tree Publishing 2007.